Chicago 参考文献格式速查・今日宜引文

Chicago 第 18 版

著者-出版年制现行

Chicago 第 18 版是《芝加哥手册》（The Chicago Manual of Style）的参考文献体例，同一部手册收录两套并行的引注制度。著者-出版年制（author-date）文后参考文献表按作者字顺排列、正文夹注作者与年份，常见于社会科学；注释-书目制（Notes-Bibliography，简称 NB）正文用脚注/尾注标注、书目按引用逐条整理，常见于历史学与人文期刊。NB 制的三种形态见下方，作速查参考。

通则

① 著者-出版年制的条目次序为：「作者」「年」「题名」「出版信息」，依次分隔、句点收尾。年份紧跟作者、不带括号，与文中夹注「作者年」对应；参考文献表按作者姓氏字顺排列。

② 著者：书目与参考文献表首名倒置「姓, 名」，第二名起正序；两名以 and 连接，三名及以上用牛津逗号加 , and。六名以内全列，超过六名列前三名加 et al.；注内与文内引超过两名只列首名加 et al.，其间无逗号。

③ 编者代著者：书目与参考文献表加 ed. / eds.（保持缩写），文内引不带 ed.。注内 ed.、trans.、vol. 一律缩写；书目与参考文献表条目里名词形照样缩写，只有动词形 edited by / translated by 展开；文内夹注中此类词一律省略。

④ 题名：图书与期刊题名斜体、title case；文章、章节及其他短作品正体加双引号。逐类型有专条的以专条为准（如学位论文题名入引号不斜体、地图题名斜体而描述正体、档案只给专有题名加引号）。

⑤ 页码：连续页码区间按手册的四档规则缩写；注内给被引页，书目与参考文献表给全文页范围；同一著作内非连续页码逗号分隔；罗马数字区间不缩写。

⑥ 期刊卷期块次序为刊名、卷、期、页：裸卷号（无 vol./no.）、圆括号夹期、冒号接页、无内嵌年，不要套用注释-书目制的写法（两制此处形态不同）。缺期时只留刊名、卷、页；缺卷（中文期刊常见）时只留刊名、期、页；卷期全缺时只留刊名、页。

⑦ 图书出版地按出版年份分流：1900 年及以后出版的书只著出版者、不著出版地；1900 年以前出版的书只著出版地、不著出版者。

⑧ 与 APA 的三处实质差异（沿用 APA 骨架时留意）：（1）年份紧跟作者、不带括号（2003. 非 (2003).）；（2）条目/DOI 末尾补句点（APA 的 DOI 后不加点）；（3）期刊卷期块裸卷号（无 vol./no.）。

期刊文章

次序为：「作者」「年」「篇名」（加双引号）「刊名」（斜体）「卷」「期」「页码」「DOI」，依次分隔、句点收尾。

著录格式Last, First. 2024. "Title of Article." Journal Name x (y): aa–bb. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxx.

示例Marsh, Ilana. 2022. "Coastal Memory and the Ethics of Return." Journal of Environmental Humanities 9 (2): 133–51. https://doi.org/10.7890/jeh.2022.0902.

图书

次序为：「作者」「年」「书名」（斜体）「出版信息」，依次分隔、句点收尾。出版信息按出版年份分流（见通则⑦）。

著录格式Last, First. 2024. Title of Book. Publisher.

示例Okonkwo, Daniel. 2019. Rivers That Remember. Harrow Bridge Press.

出版年在 1900 年之前时，只著出版地、不著出版者：

著录格式Last, First. 1873. Title of Book. Place.

示例Hartwell, Susan. 1873. Letters from the Frontier. Boston.

图书章节 / 论文集析出

只引书中一章或论文集里的一篇时，次序为：「作者」「年」「篇名」「容器题名」（书名 / 论文集名，斜体）「edited by 编者」（正序）「页码」「出版社」，依次分隔、句点收尾。章节页范围有则录、无则省（CMOS 18 变更：书目中章节页码不再必备）。若记录未含编者信息，条目退化为整本书写法。

著录格式Last, First. 2024. "Chapter Title." In Book Title, edited by First Editor, aa–bb. Publisher.

示例Beaumont, Nora. 2020. "Salt Roads and Silence." In Border Ecologies: Essays on Coastal Change, edited by Miriam Ferris, 88–104. Alder House.

会议论文

手册没有给这一类的著者-出版年制示例，以下按其规则推出。

著录格式Last, First. 2024. "Title of Paper." Presentation Type or Paper Description, Conference Name, Place, Month Day. [URL].

文内引注(Last 2024)

题名入双引号；会期信息接在题名之后，含主办、地点（如适用）、日期；CMOS 18 起演示信息不再以圆括号包裹。收进论文集的按图书章节写，已刊入期刊的按期刊文章写。

学位论文

著录格式Last, First. 2024. "Title of Thesis." Degree Type, Institution. [Database Name (ID) or URL.]

文内引注(Last 2024, aa)

题名入双引号、不斜体；除题名体式外按图书写，学位种类、授予机构、日期接在题名之后，注内入圆括号、书目条目内不入。线上的给 URL；商业数据库的给库名加圆括号内的编号。

示例Blajer de la Garza, Yuna. 2019. “A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies.” PhD diss., University of Chicago. ProQuest (13865986).

报纸文章

著录格式Last, First. 2024. "Headline." Newspaper Name, Month Day. [Edition.] [URL or Database Name.]

文内引注(Last 2024[, p. aa / col. y])

月（常缩写）、日、年不可省；年随著者、月日随报名。具体页码可在注中给、书目条目内不必；版次（如 Late City Edition）与版面（sec. 1 或 Opinion）按来源措辞写。读者评论在正文或注中引、不入书目。

示例Apple, R. W., Jr. 1974. “Nixon Tapes Must Be Kept 3 Years for Use in Court.” New York Times, September 9. Late City Edition.

示例(Apple 1974, p. 1, col. 7)

网页

著录格式Site Owner or Sponsor. 2024 or n.d. "Page Title." [Site Name / Section.] Date Phrase. URL.

文内引注(Site Owner 2024)；无日期者 (Site Owner, n.d.)

元素取能确定者：页题或描述、站名或描述、站的所有者或赞助者、URL。注内题名在前，书目条目以所有者或赞助者领起。给发布日或最近更新日，都没有才给访问日。无日期时以 n.d. 占年份位，条目与文内引都要出现，恒小写，文内引中 n.d. 前加逗号。

示例ELP (Endangered Languages Project). n.d. “Balkan Romani.” First Peoples’ Cultural Council and ELCat/ELP, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. Accessed October 1, 2022. https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342.

示例(ELP, n.d.)

预印本

手册没有给这一类的著者-出版年制示例，以下按其规则推出。

著录格式Last, First. 2024. "Title of Paper." Preprint, Server Name, Month Day. DOI or URL.

文内引注(Last 2024, aa)

按期刊论文写，只是用 preprint 加服务器名占据卷期那一格，没有卷、期、页；篇名入双引号；preprint 在注内小写、在书目条目内居句首大写。未上预印本服务器的稿子按未刊稿写。

数据集

著录格式Creator or Institution. 2024 or n.d. [Data from ]"Dataset Title." Repository or Platform, Month Day. [Accessed Month Day, 2024.] DOI or URL.

文内引注(Creator 2024)；无日期者 (Creator, n.d.)

元素随仓储而异，许多仓储自带建议引文。必含数据所显示的题名，其余元素不足以表明来源类型时补一个类型指示（如 dataset）。只有年随著者，月日不随。无出版日的用 n.d. 并同时给访问日，但数据对应特定年份时以该年份取代 n.d.。有独立 DOI 的数据集通常应逐条列出。

示例Zou, Heng-Xing, and Volker H. W. Rudolf. 2023. Data from “Priority Effects Determine How Dispersal Affects Biodiversity in Seasonal Metacommunities.” Dryad dataset, February 9. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sbcc2frb4.

示例(US Bureau of Labor Statistics 2020–22)

报告

手册没有给这一类的著者-出版年制示例，以下按其规则推出。

著录格式Institution or Last, First. 2024. Title of Report. Issuing Body. [URL.]

文内引注(Institution or Last 2024, aa)

小册子、公司报告、宣传册及其他独立出版物按图书写，题名斜体，出版信息注内入圆括号、书目条目内不入。这类文件的著者与出版者常不合常规模式，手册只要求给足以识别该文件的信息。

地图

手册没有给这一类的著者-出版年制示例，以下按其规则推出。

著录格式Institution or Cartographer. 2024. Title of Map. [Series / Scale.] Holding Institution or Platform. [URL.]

文内引注(Cartographer or Institution 2024)

地图信息通常在正文中给出，需正式著录时才入注，入书目条目属罕见。元素序：制图者（若知）、题名或描述、比例尺与尺寸（若知）、出版细节或所在位置。题名斜体、描述正体。线上查阅的无日期地图须给访问日或修订日。

专利

著录格式Last, First, and First Last. 2024. Patent Description. Country Patent Number, filed Month Day, 2023, and issued Month Day, 2024. URL.

文内引注(Last and Last 2024)

专利著录于创造者姓名之下，元素为创造者、专利描述、申请年；线上查阅的给 URL。年份要重复：著者后的授权年与后面 issued 那个日期同值，不互相取代。专利描述不入引号。

示例Iizuka, Masanori, and Hideki Tanaka. 1986. Cement admixture. US Patent 4,586,960, filed June 26, 1984, and issued May 6, 1986. https://patents.google.com/patent/US4586960A/.

档案

著录格式Collection Name. Holding Institution, Place. 或 Last, First. Papers. Holding Institution, Place.；只引一件且以著者领起时 Last, First. n.d. Item Description. Collection Name. Holding Institution.

文内引注(Collection Name[, Locator])；单件且用 n.d. 时 (Last, n.d.)

注内主元素是具体件，置首；书目条目的主元素是 collection、collection 内各件的著者、或收藏机构。除非只引了 collection 中的一件，否则具体件不入书目。引号只给专有题名，不给 report、minutes 一类通名。月份可拼写或缩写，须一致。通常不必用 n.d. 代日期，个别件的日期宜在正文中提。

示例Dinkel, Joseph. n.d. Description of Louis Agassiz written at the request of Elizabeth Cary Agassiz. Louis Agassiz Papers. Houghton Library, Harvard University.

标准

手册没有给这一类的著者-出版年制示例，以下按其规则推出。

著录格式Issuing Organization (full name). 2024. Title of Standard. Standard Number. Publisher. [Approved / reaffirmed Month Day, 2024.] URL.

文内引注(Issuing Organization 2024)

注内通常以题名著录，书目条目则列在发布组织名下；组织与出版者相同时，出版者那一格可用缩写。标准题名不入引号。

通则

① 同一来源在 NB 下有三种独立形态：首次引用给全式注（含完整出版信息）；再次引用起可缩成短注（姓 + 短题 + 定位符，定位符可省）；书目条目单独排列于文末，格式与两种注都不同（著者倒置、出版信息不入括号、以句点分隔）。

② 全式注与短注都是脚注或尾注：行首数字是注号（如 3. Kwon, “Inclusion Work,” 1851.），按正文引用顺序连续编；同一文献第一次引用用全式注，再次引用用短注。本页的著录格式与示例里，注号一律写成「N.」，表示此处填注号。书目条目不编号。

③ 再次引用同一来源时，CMOS 18 官方问答明文偏好短注，优于 ibid./id. 两种缩写。

④ 本页 NB 三形态取自 CMOS 18 官方速查页示例，供速查参考。

期刊文章

全式注N. Hyeyoung Kwon, “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life,” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

短注N. Kwon, “Inclusion Work,” 1851.

书目Kwon, Hyeyoung. “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life.” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

图书

全式注N. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

短注N. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

书目Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

图书章节 / 论文集析出

全式注N. Kathleen Doyle, “The Queen Mary Psalter,” in The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, ed. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 64.

短注N. Doyle, “Queen Mary Psalter,” 65.

书目Doyle, Kathleen. “The Queen Mary Psalter.” In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press, 2023.

会议论文

全式注N. First Last, "Title of Paper," Presentation Type or Paper Description, Conference Name[ (virtual)], [Place,] Month Day, 2024[, URL].

短注N. Last, "Short Title"[, aa].

书目手册没有给这一类的书目示例。这类引用通常只出现在正文或注里；确需立条目时，把注里的元素改成书目的次序写。

全式注N. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle,” PowerPoint presentation, 25th Anniversary Meeting of the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society, Bethesda, MD, March 31, 2012.

全式注N. Toby Lee, “Documentary Operationality: Beyond Representation,” paper presented at the annual Society for Cinema and Media Studies conference (virtual), March 20, 2021.

学位论文

全式注N. First Last, "Title of Thesis" (Degree Type, Institution, 2024), aa[, Database Name (ID) or URL].

短注N. Last, "Short Title," aa.

书目Last, First. "Title of Thesis." Degree Type, Institution, 2024. [Database Name (ID) or URL.]

全式注N. Alison E. Stout, “Cats and Coronaviruses: One Health in the Age of COVID-19” (PhD diss., Cornell University, 2021), 39–40, ProQuest (28490261).

书目Blajer de la Garza, Yuna. “A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2019. ProQuest (13865986).

报纸文章

全式注N. First Last, "Headline," Newspaper Name, Month Day, 2024[, Section or Edition][, p. aa / col. y][, URL or Database Name].

短注N. Last, "Short Headline"[, aa].

书目Last, First. "Headline." Newspaper Name, Month Day, 2024. [Edition.] [URL or Database Name.]

全式注N. R. W. Apple Jr., “Nixon Tapes Must Be Kept 3 Years for Use in Court,” New York Times, September 9, 1974, Late City Edition, p. 1, col. 7.

网页

全式注N. "Page Title," [Section Name,] Site Owner or Sponsor, Date Phrase, URL.

短注N. [Site Owner, ]"Short Page Title."

书目Site Owner or Sponsor. "Page Title." [Section Name.] Date Phrase. URL.

全式注N. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style,” Wikimedia Foundation, last modified September 9, 2022, 21:35 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

预印本

全式注N. First Last, "Title of Paper," preprint, Server Name, Month Day, 2024, DOI or URL.

短注N. Last, "Short Title," aa.

书目Last, First. "Title of Paper." Preprint, Server Name, Month Day, 2024. DOI or URL.

全式注N. Holt Bodish and Robert DeYeso III, “Obstructing Reducible Surgeries: Slice Genus and Thickness Bounds,” preprint, arXiv, September 4, 2022, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2209.01672.

书目Fiallo, Kathy, and Alexia Galati. “The Influence of Auditory Processing Difficulties on Perceptual Learning.” Preprint, PsyArXiv, September 4, 2022. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/p723u.

数据集

全式注N. Data Description, Database Name, Institution, accessed Month Day, 2024, URL.

书目Creator or Institution. "Dataset Title." [Version / Type Note.] Repository or Platform, Month Day, 2024. DOI or URL.

书目Creator. Data from "Title of Associated Article." Repository dataset, Month Day, 2024. DOI.

书目Zou, Heng-Xing, and Volker H. W. Rudolf. Data from “Priority Effects Determine How Dispersal Affects Biodiversity in Seasonal Metacommunities.” Dryad dataset, February 9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sbcc2frb4.

报告

全式注N. [First Last, ]Title of Report (Issuing Body, 2024)[, URL].

短注N. [Last, ]Short Title[, aa].

书目Institution or Last, First. Title of Report. Issuing Body, 2024. [URL.]（手册没有给这一类的书目示例，按图书的书目写法推出。）

全式注N. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia: Between Two Rivers (Trumbull County [Ohio] Historical Society, 1957).

全式注N. Starbucks Fiscal 2021 Annual Report (Starbucks Corporation Form 10-K, 2022), https://investor.starbucks.com/financial-data/annual-reports/.

地图

全式注N. Cartographer, cartographer, Title of Map or Map Description, 2024, [Scale,] [Dimensions,] Publication Details or Holding Location[, Locator][, URL].

书目Institution or Cartographer. Title of Map. 2024[; repr., 2024]. [Series / Scale.] Holding Institution or Platform. [URL.]

全式注N. Satellite view of Chicago, Google Maps, accessed May 5, 2024, https://www.google.com/maps/@41.7682665,-87.723154,114690m/data=!3m1!1e3.

书目US Geological Survey. California: Yosemite Quadrangle. 1909; repr., 1951. 30-minute series quadrangle, 1:125,000 scale. National Map, Historic Topographic Map Collection. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/scan-1909-usgs-quadrangle-yosemite-california-area-include-el-capitan-usgs-historic.

专利

全式注N. First Last and First Last, Patent Description, Country Patent Number, filed Month Day, 2023, and issued Month Day, 2024, URL.（手册没有给这一类的注示例，按其规则推出。）

书目Last, First, and First Last. Patent Description. Country Patent Number, filed Month Day, 2023, and issued Month Day, 2024. URL.

书目Iizuka, Masanori, and Hideki Tanaka. Cement admixture. US Patent 4,586,960, filed June 26, 1984, and issued May 6, 1986. https://patents.google.com/patent/US4586960A/.

档案

全式注N. Item Title or Item Description, Date, [Volume / Box / Folder / Number,] Collection Name, Holding Institution[, Place][, URL].

短注N. Short Item Title, [Date,] Short Collection Name[, Locator].

书目Collection Name. [Parent Collection.] Holding Institution, Place. [URL.] 或 Last, First. Papers. Holding Institution, Place.；只引了 collection 中一件时 Last, First. Item Description[, Date]. Collection Name. Holding Institution.

全式注N. James Oglethorpe to the Trustees, 13 January 1733, Phillipps Collection of Egmont Manuscripts, 14200:13, University of Georgia Library.

书目Kallen, Horace. Papers. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York.

标准

全式注N. Title of Standard, Standard Number, Issuing Organization (may be abbreviated), approved Month Day, 2024[; reaffirmed Month Day, 2024][, Clause Number], URL.

书目Issuing Organization (full name). Title of Standard. Standard Number. Publisher (abbreviation allowed when same as organization). Approved Month Day, 2024[; reaffirmed Month Day, 2024]. URL.

全式注N. Bibliographic References, ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 (R2010), NISO, approved June 9, 2005; reaffirmed May 13, 2010, 3.2.2, https://www.niso.org/publications/ansiniso-z3929-2005-r2010.

书目National Information Standards Organization. Bibliographic References. ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 (R2010). NISO. Approved June 9, 2005; reaffirmed May 13, 2010. https://groups.niso.org/higherlogic/ws/public/download/12969.

NB 示例引自 The Chicago Manual of Style Online「Notes and Bibliography Style」官方速查页（chicagomanualofstyle.org），© The University of Chicago Press；查阅于 2026.08.15。

去整理格式

出处

The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition — The University of Chicago Press
查阅于 2026.08.15
CMOS Online